19 December 2014

Today 19 December 2014, we learn on control of microbial growth. This is important term that we should remember:

• Sterilization: Removal of all microbial life

• Commercial sterilization: Killing C. Botulinum endospores

• Disinfection: Destruction/removal of pathogens

• Antisepsis: Destruction/removal of pathogens from living .

Tissue

• Degerming: Removal of microbes from a limited area

• Sanitization: Lower microbial counts on eating utensils

• Biocide/Germicide: Kills microbes

• Bacteriostasis: Inhibiting, not killing, microbes

In -cidal Agents,-cideis suffix indicating that agent kills and - static Agents,- static is suffix indicating that agent inhibits growth. Effectiveness of Antimicrobial Treatment is depends on number of microbes,Duration of exposure, Microbial characteristics, concentration or intensity of an antimicrobial agent, population composition, temperature, local environment.

There are three type of Physical Control Method which are Heat,Filtration,Radiation.

Moist Heat will destroys viruses, fungi, and bacteria. Steam Sterilization is carried out using an autoclave and effective against all types of microorganisms including spores. Dry heat sterilization kills by oxidation by Flaming,  Incineration, Hot-air sterilization and Less effective than moist heat sterilization. Low temperature inhibits microbial growth by Refrigeration, Deep freezing and Lyophilization. Filtration will reduces microbial population or sterilizes solutions of heat-sensitive materials by removing microorganisms. In radiation, we have uv radiation and gamma radiation.

There are three type of Chemical Control Agents which are Disinfection,Antisepsis and Sterilization. In Evaluating a disinfectant we Use-dilution test and  Disk-diffusion method. 

Lastly, we can determine the types of Disinfectants is Halogens – Iodine, Halogens – Chlorine, alcohol, heavy metal, Surface-active agents or surfactants,Chemical food preservatives, Aldehydes and sterilizing gases.

Then, we continue our lecture on the next topic which is antimicrobial chemotheraphy. I know that chemotherapeutic agents is a chemical agents used to treat disease. Penicillin discovered by Alexander Fleming to observe penicillin activity on contaminated plate. The general characteristic of antimicrobial drug are selective toxicity,therapeutic dose, toxic dose, therapeutic index, side effect, narrow-spectrum drugs, broad-spectrum drug,cidal agent and static agent,effect of an agent may very, and effectiveness expressed in two ways(MIC and MLC). Besides that, I can determine the level of antimicrobial activity which are dilution susceptibility test for MIC, disk diffusion tests, and the E-test MIC and diffusion. Antimicrobial drug is the inhibitor of cell wall synthesis, protein synthesis inhibitor, metabolic antagonists and nucleic acid synthesis inhibition. The in hibitors of cell wall synthesis are penicillins,cephalosporins, vancomycin and teicoplanin.

 Aminoglycoside antibiotics is large family which all contain a cyclohexane ring and amino sugars. Tetracyclines is all have a four-ring structure to which a variety of side chains are attached. Macrolides is used for patients allergic to penicillin. Chloramphenicol now is chemically synthesized. I also know that metabolic antagonist acts as antimetabolites and structural analogs. Nucleic acid synthesis inhibition will block DNA replication. Antifungal drugs has fewer effective agent. Antiviral drug development has been slow because it is difficult to specifically target viral replication. Anti-HIV drugs have reverse transcriptase inhibitors, protease inhibitors, fusion inhibitors and most successful are drug cocktails to curtail resistance. The antiprotozoal drug is the mechanism of drug action for antiprotozoal drug is not known. I also can identify factors influencing Antimicrobial Drugs which is:

• ability of drug to reach site of infection

• susceptibility of pathogen to drug

• ability of drug to reach concentrations

in body that exceed MIC of pathogen

Drug resistance will an increasing problem, microbes in abscesses or biofilms may be

growing slowly and resistance mutants arise spontaneously . since, today is our last class for this semester, I want to say thank you so much to dr.wan and pray us for success in exams later. I surely will remember all the sweet moment in this semester. thanks

Tuesday, 16 December

Tuesday, 16 December. We continue our lecture on isolation ,culturing , maintaining and preserving microbes. First, we need know the definition of aseptic technique. Aseptic technique refers to carrying out a procedure under controlled condition in a manner that will minimize the chance of contamination.

Culturing method have 2 basic technique which are liquid and qulture. Liquid can be reared in culture tubes in a liquid medium while qulture use plates where the liquid medium is solidified using agar and poured as a thin layer in the bottom of a culture dish.

Besides, we know how to get pure culture by using streak dilution plate methods.

this is how to obtain pure culture using pour plate method

there are 5 type of culture media which are chemically defined vs. complex media, liquid vs. semisolid media , selective media ,differential media and enrichment media.bacterial growth by budding, spores and fragmentation. Next, we learn on how to calculate number of generation and generation time .

This is the formula for the number of generation time and number of generation.

Generation time=60 min×hours)/ number of generation

Number of generation = Log number of cells (end) – log number of cells (beginning)

                                                                                   0.301

This is bacterial growth curve

Direct measurement of microbial growth , we use plate counts and filtration. Lastly, we can estimating the bacterial numbers by indirect methods using turbidity, periodic transfer of strains to fresh medium, incubate and store in the refrigerator,the short term storage and the long period storage.

11 December

Tuesday 11 December, we have a group quizzes on the microbial metabolism and nutritional. Then, we proceed to the microbial growth topic. There are two type of requirement for growth which is physical requirement and chemical requirement. The physical requirement is light, temperature, pH, water activity and osmotic pressure. The chemical requirement is water,  carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur, special growth factor and trace element . The bacteria cannot survive in the temperature that below than their optimum temperature or the bacteria will lower down their activity in this condition. For pH factor, we have acidophile at pH range 0-6, neutrophile pH at range 6-7.5, alkaliphiles pH at range 8-11. In chemical growth, water factor importance is for dissolve nutrient and cellular functions. In oxygen factor, there are 5 types which is obligate, facultative anaerobe, obligate anaerobe, aerotolerant anaerobes and microaerophiles. Trace element need in small amout but without them enzyme cannot function. In special growth factors we are introduce on the watermelon snow by the dr. I get exited to know about this. When we step on it, the white snow turn pinkish-red. Not only the colour, but it also smells like a watermelon. The reason why it turns res is because we actually step on algae.

8 December

Enjoyfull day in 8 December, we went to yakult factory in Seremban. 

The Yakult factory in Malaysia is located in Seremban, Negeri Sembilan and it produces Yakult for the whole of Malaysia, as well as for export to neighbouring countries.. Firstly, we are have been introduced on the yakult production in a room. Yakult is a probiotic dairy product made by fermenting a mixture of skimmed milk with a special strain of the bacterium Lactobacillus casei Shirota. It was created by Japanese scientist Minoru Shirota, who graduated from the Medical School of Kyoto University in 1930. I knew the different between the beneficial bacteria and harmful bacteria . The beneficial bacteria will suppress growth of harmful bacteria, in contrast, harmful bacteria will cause intestinal putrefaction. By consuming 3 bottle of yakult per day it will increase good bacteria and reduce harmful bacteria and boosts on immune system. Yakult has high calcium with 58.8mg and fortified with vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin D, Calcium and Niacin.

The variety of yakult bottle shape and size  from many country.

Yakult in medicine

Yakult in cosmetic

This is map of yakult factory  

We followed  the whole production process from a lobby on the first floor. The walls are made of glass, which makes every step of the production process clearly visible.

Friday 11 December

Friday 11 December, we have game class first before we go to lecture. Everyone need to make flashcards on the topics microbial nutritional and microbial metabolism and share it on blenspace. And we make a group crossword quizzes on website proprofs and we enjoy play the quizzes game together in the class. I learn the definition of term like Metabolism, Catabolic reactions, Anabolic reactions  , Catabolism, Anabolism and Enzymes. The mechanism of enzyme action is Active site, Enzyme-substrate complex,transformation,release the products of the reaction,the unchanged enzyme is now free to react with other substrate molecules. Factors influencing enzymatic activity is temperature, pH and concentration and inhibitors. 2 aspects of energy production which is concept of oxidation-reduction and mechanisms of ATP generation. Oxidative phosphorylation is energy released as electrons are passed to a series of electron acceptors/carriers and finally to O2 or other inorganic or organic molecules. Photophosphorylation is energy from light is trapped by chlorophyll, and electrons are passed through a series of electron acceptors. I also know Cellular respiration of Aerobic respiration,Anaerobic respiration and Fermentation . lastly on this topic I can identify the alcohol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation.

There are 2 major nutritional concern which is Source of energy and Source of carbon. In Energy sources we have phototrophs which is light as primary energy source and chemotrophs is inorganic and organic compunds as primary energy source . in Combine the energy and carbon sources, there is Photoautotrophs,  Photoheterotrophs, Chemoautotrophs and Chemoheterotrophs. 

2 December

2 December, we learnt on classification of organism. I knew how create official names for new microorganisms and identify how to plan strategy and select methods for classification and identification of microorganisms. taxonomy can be divide into 3 part which is classification , identification and nomenclature.

1)nomenclature-assignment of names to taxonomic groups in agreement with published rules

2)classification- arrangement of organisms into groups or taxon based on mutual similarity relatedness

3)identification- process of discovering and recording the traits of organisms.

Nomenclature- genus name+ specific epithet  eg. Homo sapiens or Homo sapiens

                          -general rules in nomenclature

                         1) genus name always capitalized

                         2) species name is never capitalized

                         3) species name is never use without the genus name

                        4) genus name may be used without species name

                        5) genus and species are always italicized

                        6) first timeà spell out, thereafter àabbreviated

                        7)species name never abbreviated

                       8)less simple genus abbreviation if different genus start with same alphabet

Stain can be identify by a name or number or letter follows by species epithet.the inspiration of name is based on shape, where it found,nutrition it uses, who discovered it and what disease it causes

There are two ways of classification which is phonetic classification and phylogenetic classification. Differential staining is gram staining, acid-fast stain, negative staining for capsule, endospore staining and flagella staining. Serology is the science studies serum and immune responses that are evident in serum. The serological technique is enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and webstern blotting. Phage typing is to determine which phage a bacterium is susceptible to bacteriophages cause lysis of bacteria that they infect. DNA based composition is expressed as % of guanine plus cytosine. DNA fingerprinting is use of restriction enzyme to produce banding pattern. Nucleic acid hybridization is when dsDNA is heated , complementary strands will separate as the H bonds between bases break and if ssDNA  are cooled, complementary strands will reunite. The southern blotting is when DNA probes are used in the hydridization process. Lastly, I knew the methods use to classify and identify microorganism after various analyses which are dichoto,ous keys and cladograms.

lecture 21 november

Today, 21 November we have lecture on the genetic transfer and recombination. Genetic recombinant refer to the  arrangement of DNA from separate group of gene . there are exchange between 2 DNA to form new combinations of genes in the chromosome. There are donor cell which is give a portion of its total DNA. In contrast, recipient ceel that receive a portion of DNA from donor cell. The part of donor DNA is incorporate into recipient DNA.

Transformation is process where the gene are transferred from donor to recipient. In Griffith experiment, the bacteria involve is Streptococcus pneumonia and it consist of two type of colonies which are smooth colonies and rough colonies. The smooth colonies are capsular polysaccharide and pathogen. In contrast, the rough colonies lack of capsular polysaccharide and non-pathogenic

The mechanism of genetic transformation in bacteria is process by which free DNA is incorporate into a recipient cell and bring genetic change. Competence is the alterations in the cell wall that make it permeable to large DNA molecule.

Transductions is process where the DNA is transferred from donor to recipient via betriophage. There are two type of transduction which is generalize transduction and specialize transduction.

Plasmid involve self replicating covalently closed circular DNA molecule that can survive by own. The several type of plasmid is dissimilation plasmid, conjugated plasmid and r-factor.

Conjugation requied contact between donor and recipient cells. The F+ donor contains F plasmid and F- recipient cells do not contain F plasmid.during conjugation , an Hfr Cell can transfer chromosomal DNA into the recipient cell.

Lastly, we learn Transposons carry any type  of gene, including antibiotic resistance genes. There are two type of transposons which are insertion sequence and complex transposon. Have g good Friday J

lecture 18 november

Today is 18 November , we have lecture on the mutation. Mutation is a sudden random change in genetic material of a cell that potentially can cause differ in appearance or behavior from abnormal type. We have two type of mutation which are base substitution and frameshift . in base substitution we have silent, missense, and nonsense. In frameshift mutation we have insertion or deletion and shift in reading frame.

Silent mutation is an alteration in a DNA sequence that does not result in an amino acid change in a polypeptide.

Missense mutation is a change in the first or second base and lead to significant changes in protein.

Nonsense mutation is change from codon for an amino acids to stop codon.

Frameshift mutation is a type of gene mutation where in the addition or deletion of nucleotide causes a shift in the reading frame of the codons in the mRNA.in base insertion, the addition of one or a few bases to triplet sequence in DNA. Base deletion is loss of one or a few bases that can cause frameshift mutation.

Mutagen is an agent that cause an increase in number of mutants in the population. There are four type of mutagens which are base analogues, chemical mutagen, radiation and intercalating agents.

Base analogues substituted a standard base during replication which appear in daughter cells in a later geeration.

Chemical mutagens is a substance that can alter a base that is already incorporated in DNA and change its hydrogen bonding specificity

Radiation have two type which are ionizing and nonionizing. Ionizing is more powerful form short wavelength rays while nonionizing is UV radiation at 260 nm is the most effective as a lethal agent.

Intercalating agents is planar with 3 ringed molecules whose dimensions are equivalent to purine

There are two kind of identifying mutants which is nonselectable and selectable. Positive selection is deselection is done by rejecting unwanted parents while negative selection is selection cells that are unable to carry out certain function and it use replica technique.

    Lasty, we learn on Ames test to identify carcinogens . many mutagen are carcinogens . assume that a mutant can revert to wild type in the presence of a mutagen. 

14 november 2014

Today, 14 November 2014 . We have class in the evening with heavy rain outside. But today , all of us had lots of fun at Shah Alam. So we are so tired and sleepy in the class . ahaha. We continue our lecture in regulation of gene expression in bacteria. 

There are 2 modes of gene expression which are constitutive expression and inducible expression. Major modes of regulation is to control the activity of preexisting enzyme and control the amount of enzyme synthesized . Allosteric enzyme have 2 binding sites. Active site is substrate binds and allosteric site is inhibitor binds. In regulatory protein, binds DNA at promoter of regulated gene, the repressor block transcription and activator encourage transcription. In environmental sensor is small molecule and actives or inactivates regulatory protein.

Besides that, we also learn, Enzyme repression which is response to abundance of end-product and mediated by repressors. Corepressor controls enzyme synthesize. Inducible enzyme is enzyme synthesizes in the presence of inducer. Operon is a group of coordinately regulated structural genes with related metabolic functions and the promoter and operator sites that control their transcription. Promoter is the region of DNA where RNA polymerase initiates transcription. Operator is the region of DNA adjacent to structural gene that control their transcription.

If inducer absence, no mRNA synthesized and no enzymes. If trypotophan is present, the repressor becomes active and binds operator site. Inducer present the enzyme synthesis induced. If no lactose is available, no need enzyme to produce.

Happy Friday prof. :*

11 november 2014

11 november, the first class withprof Khatijah . we continue our lecture on genetics. We need to know the definition of these:

Genome is genetics information in cell .

 Genes is segments of DNA that code for functional product .

Genetic code is information present as genetic code that have triplet bases encoded a single amino acid called codon.

 Genotype is genetic composition of an organism.

Phenotype is actual expressed properties of an organism

DNA is double stranded helix structure. Function of DNA is acts as storage of genetic information,self-duplication and inheritance and expression of genetic message. RNA is ribonucleic acid with single stranded . There are 3 types of RNA which are mRNA , rRNA , tRNA.

The major steps in DNA replication is:
1)unwinding of strands

2)strands act as template

3)synthesis of RNA primes

4)DNA nucleotides join up yo the exposed bases by specific base pairing

5)formation of ladding and legging strands

6)formation of ne w strand is forms ‘5 to 3’

DNA replication begins at specific base sequence when helicase binds to parental DNA and begins to unwind to break hydrogen bonds. Each parent strand becomes a template used to synthesize the complementary strand. Single stranded binding SSB protein bind to single DNA strand and stabilize it. Forming replication fork. Then it prevents the double helix from re-forming until the strand are replicated . both strand require RNA primer for initiation of DNA replication. DNA polymerasecan extend existing polynucleotide chains only from 3’. Leading strand synthesize continuosly from 3’ to 5’ phosphodiester bonds formed. Legging strand synthesize discontinuously from 5’ to 3’ and producing okazaki fragments

Transcription is process by which RNA molecules are synthesize on DNA template .  translation is second step by which gene expression leads to protein synthesis. In transcription   catalyzed by DNA polymerase. Results in an DNA molecule complementary to the gene sequence of one of the two strands of double helix. In translation synthesis , anticodon are complementary to their corresponding codon

November 7, 2014

Today November 7, 2014 we have class activity during lecture. We have to make a game for the structure of eukaryotic cell. Other group need to participate in the games and we were sit in the big circle group. My group have made a BINGGO game based on the vacuole structure and we prepared few questions for the students . They need to complete the word BINGGO by answering the questions. My group have discuss on vacuole first.  Vacuole is a cell sap that contain dissolved organic molecules such as sugar, amino acids, pigments, oxygen, carbon dioxide and waste products. Vacuole in plant cell is larger and permanent compared to animal cell that is small and temporary. In general, the functions of the vacuole include:

·         Isolating materials that might be harmful or a threat to the cell

·         Containing waste products

·         Containing water in plant cells

·         Maintaining internal hydrostatic pressure or turgor within the cell

·         Maintaining an acidic internal pH

·         Containing small molecules

·         Exporting unwanted substances from the cell

·         Allows plants to support structures such as leaves and flowers due to the pressure of the central vacuole

·         In seeds, stored proteins needed for germination are kept in 'protein bodies', which are modified vacuoles.

 We also learnt from the other group games on another structure of eukaryote. nice day to remember :*

week 7 friday 31/10/2014

Today is Friday, the end of October we have 3 hour 30 minutes lecture of microbiology.we need to complete topics on protists and algae . algae can be classified into chrysophyta, euglenophyta, pyrrhophyta,charophyta, chlorophyta,phaeophyta and rhodophyta. In aquatic , algae can be found in 3 types which is planktonic, benthic, neustonic while in terrestrial in can be found at moist rocks, trees and soil. Algal reproduction can be divide into asexually and sexually . in asexual, there is

-fragmentation,

- spores

- binary fission.

The flagellated motile spore is zoospores and non motile spore is aplanospores. In algal ecology provide habitat for marine community and also human food or to make various products. Algae cause alga bloom which high nutrition cause by dead animal,fish in the lake. Production of neurotoxin by algae is harmful to vertebrates

Chlorophyta

Rhidophyta

Phaeophyta

Chrysophyta

Pyrrophyta

Euglenophyta

Slime molds is resemble fungi in appearance and life style . there are 3 types in slime molds which is myxomycota,acrasiomycota and peronosporomycetes. Function of slime molds as decomposer and consumer in ecosystem and recycling of nutritions

In fungi, the characteristic is no cholophyll,primary storage as glycogen and produce sexually and asexually.fungi important in fermentation,organic acids, certain drug, antibiotics and immunosuppressive agents.

This is structure of fungi

The three feeding form of fungi which is

Saprobic heterotrophy-eat on dead material

Parasitic heterotrophs-feed on host

Mutualistic heterotrophs-feed on host without damaging host

Asexual reproduction

Sexual reproduction

This is types of fungi

1)chytrides

2)zygote

3)sac

4)club

5)microsporidia

Next, we learn on mycorrhizae means mutualistic association plant root and fungi. Lichen is an association of fungus and a photosynthetics symbiont resulting in stable thallus of specific structure.lichen serve as indicators of ecological health of an area.this is video on the fungi

week 7 tuesday 28/10/2014

Today is the most tired , awesome , challenge day for microbiology students after we are struggling to finish up our mega project. Our hard work and efforts make the exhibition so successful . And this is because of dr. guidance and advise. The preparation of this project take a time for understanding, searching , discuss and do the project . By doing this project we learned how to make a good and regular poster which can attract people and easy to understand. Besides that we know how to make our own video and we know how to use Aurasma.

http://www.aurasma.com/ 

Our group which is group 8 had choose Lactobacillus plantarum as our microb for this project . We have given name baby planta to our microb as their nick name . After searching the information on Lactobacillus plantarum we knew what are beneficial Lactobacillus plantarum and It’s Applications that give a lot of impact in our life now. Before this we just know how to consume food such as yogurt, cheese and never think about the becteria benefit. The aurasma  is best application that we can use to visualize something . I enjoy using this application and I want for further study by using aurasma after this. This project teach us the important of group work. We need to discuss in a group and give cooperation  to finish the project and to make the group member understand about the microb.

During exhibition day, we use long shape balloon to show the bacillus shape of Lactobacillus plantarum  and we made  some questions to attract people to know more on our baby planta. This is my first experience as student to involve myself in exhibition and I felt it is very interesting. 

you can watch our video of lactobacillus plantarum here

3october2014

Today lecture we finished out the external  and intracellular structure of prokaryote . We started with cell wall with their function and we learn again about gram positive and gram negative . We can conclude that gram positive will stain purple while gram negative will stain red,peptidoglycan many in gram positive and fewer in gram negative,teichoic acid present in gram positive but absent in gram negative, periplasmid space and outer membrane are absent in gram positive but both present in gram negative. Lastly, lipopolysaccharide none in gram positive and high in gram negative. Today , I don’t know why dr. always call my full name to answer that same questions . I will remember that question which is outer membrane consist of lipoprotein, lipopolysaccharides,phospholipids and porins that form channelsthat permit passage of molecule. And I remember the word ATYPICAL which means unusual which not have peptidoglycan and contain sterols. While in archaea contain peptidoglycan called pseudopeptidogycan . There are several differences between gram positive and negative in archaea and bacteria .Then , we have to open edmodo to do 2 questions on structure of prokaryote and its role .

question that we have to do in class

 I got problem internet connection to open it . so have to do it on my way to back home at Kelantan .We also watched video of active transport that I already learned it when matriculation .

 The substance are moved by transporter proteins from low to high concentration.ribosome which 70S ribosome and can be divide into small subunit-30S and large subunit-50S. That all for today lecture .have safe journey to my friends and my beloved dr. wan . See you all next Tuesday lecture and to dr.wandon’t  forget to bring rendang for us .

week 2 September 26,2014

Today September 26,2014 the only lecture that we have on this day . we started lecture earlier at 8am to 10a.m . this day is only day we got full lecture  ,but we have fun learning . we learned on prokaryote external structure and function of the structures.

very important facts that i get to know from today's are prokaryote have two domains which are bacteria and archaea. Three basic shape is coccus,bacillus and spiral and unusual,pleomorphic and no fixed shape.pleomorphic mean it can change their shape base on temperature, culture for example archaea. structure external to the cell wall is glycocalyx ,flagella,axial filaments,fimbriae and pili . today I know that not every bacteria have capsules .the smallest size of prokaryote is 0.3 um which is mycoplasma and the largest is 600x80um. The largest prokaryote on earth was discovered not before 1997, although the cells are visible with the naked eye.Thiomargaritanamibiensis.Then , dr. gived time for us to read the notes and remember for the external structure of procaryotes . this is most fun time that we have to compete each other to write on the small whiteboard . dr. take picture all time in that lecture . I was there in pictures or not dr.? I hope a lot of my pictures taken .ahahaha .a very fun day with coursemate .

week 1

16/9/2014

This is the first time i met dr wan zuhainis on tuesday at biotech seminar room 1.4. Dr allow their students to use technology such as smartphone,tablet to find information during her lecture . She told about the assesment which is we have test 1(10%),test 2(15%),SCL(30%) and participation (5%) .  I noted all this on my notebook . She asked to all students to register edmodo for turn in assigment and get direct information from dr and communicate with her at all time . On our first class she gave us first assigment which is to make a short video to introduce ourself and why we choose microbiology course or expectation on microbiology . We open padlet website to display our opinions,questions about microbiology . It just like discussion website . Then,we start learning using microsoft power point note but not all student have note . so we have to handwrite our note. I know the bacteria named deinococcus radiodurans which is bacteria that highly resistant to enviromental hazards . I learn about e.coli is a type of bacteria that normally live in the intestine of people and animals . I found out that e.coli 0157 can cause intestinal infection . Symptoms of intestinal infection include diarrhea,abdominal pain and fever . beside i learn about e.bola is a disease of humans and other primates caused by an ebola virus . The virus may be acquired upom contact with blood or bodily fluids of an infected animal. We looked on penicillum picture on slide show . The thallus typically consist of a highly branched network of multinucleate,septate,usually colourless hyphae . That is all i noted on my book . I feel very lucky to have dr wan zuhainis as my lecturer . She though us using fun learning method . TQ Dr :*


20/12/2014
Dr wan showed us an amazing video that highly interactive on slide show . At first we dont know the point of this video but after she asked the group member for project adopt a microb we realize dr intention of showing us the video . she showed us how to use application using her iphone on one direction picture . then, she asked for question before we start learning to see the readiness of her student . we start lecture on normal microbiota . we learn the classification of prokaryote which are bacteria and archae . we knew that bacteria found everywhere with some are pathogenic . arche found in harsh environment like salt lake,hot springs a d hydeothermal vents at bottom of the ocean . arche can survive in extream conditioms . then i knew the differences between bacteria and archaea where bacteria present peptidoglycan in cell wall while arhaea absent of peptidoglycan in cell wall . then i knew the cell shape of bacteria which is coccus,bacillus,spiral shaped and vibrios . flagella also found at one or both cell poles or at several locations about the cell . cell different from inanimate object as all cells show metabolism,reproduction,differentation,communication,movement and evolution . then i knew the most famous yeast which is saccharomyces that are very important in food production such as making wine,bread and beer . they are unicellular and saprophytic fungi . dr remainded us to checkout blendspace on video bacteria as art . i learn about kingdom protista which can be divide into algae and protozoa . in algae we have phylum chlorophyta and phaeophyta . protozoa we have 5 phylum which is euglenophyta ,rhizopoda,cilliophora and apicomplexa . i knew that fungi feed on dead materials . fungi has 3 type of phylum which are phylum zygomycota eg rhizopus sp. ,phylum ascomycota eg penicilium sp. ; and phylum basidiomycota eg agaricus sp. besides i knew 5 group of e.coli which is ETEC,EIEC,EHEC,EPEC,EAFC . lastly i learn about the differences of procaryote and eucaryote . procaryote absent of nucleus,mitochondria,golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum

week6,14 october lecture

Tuesday ,14 october  we learn about algae. We have to bring our own note of algae and fungi topics and shared it into edmodo . By that way we can read different sources of notes from our friends . In kingdom Protista we have 2 major group which is algae and protozoa . Algae is plant like but do not have vascular system and grow in moist habitats. Algae have a great variety of forms, sizes and colors. Some are simple colonies with many cells, some are filamentous, tubular, meshed, membranous or saccate algae. Algae can be classified into seven phyla which is Chrysophyta , Euglenophyta, Pyrrhophyta, Charophyta, Chlorophyta, Phaeophyta, and Rhodophyta. Reproduction of algae is asexually reproduction and sexual reproduction .

This is the main characteristics and differences between blue-green algae（Cyanophyta）、green algae（Chlorophyta）、brown algae（Phaeophyta）and red algae（Rhodophyta）:

Phylum Pigment Photosynthetic product(s) Cell wall Flagellum Cell nucleus Form Note Green algae (Chlorophyta) chlorophyll a and b, α, β-carotene, lutein starch cellulose biflagellate; equal in length; apical Yes unicellular, colonies or multicellular Widely distributed; both terrestrial and marine, ca.1,200 species worldwide. Brown algae (Phaeophyta) chlorophyll a and c, fucoxanthin, β-carotene, lutein laminaran, mannitol cellulose, alginate biflagellate; not equal in length; lateral or not flagellum Yes multicellular 99.7% marine, ca. 2,000 species worldwide. Red algae (Rhodophyta) chlorophyll a,d; a, phycoerythrin, phycocyanin, α, β-carotene floridean starch Cellulose, carrageenan or agarose No Yes Uni- or multi-cellular 98% marine, ca. 6,000 species worldwide. Blue-green algae (Cyanophyta) Chlorophylla; phycocyanin, phycoerythrin, β-carotene, lutein glycogen, cyanophycean starch glycoprotein cellulose No No unicellular; colonies Mostly freshwater (75%), some marine.

Cholophyta

Rhodophoda

Phaeophyta

Chrysophyta

Pyrrophyta

Euglenophyta

Slime molds is resemble fungi in appearance and life style . slime molds have three division which is Myxomycota, Acrosiomycota and Peronosporomycetes.

happy mid sem holiday to dr.wan and my microbiology friends . Have a great time with your beloved family . See you soon . Take care dr. :*