Haiiii all!!!! ! I think I do not update my blog for a long time and now I nearly at the end of 6thsemester . this semester we have virtual microbe again like last semester which we have to collaborate with other university students. This time we have to collaborate with UKM and UM students to do live video discussion between three university which are UPM, UKM and UM. we had discuss on the topic Influenza Virus as it has been fixed by dr wan for third year microbiology student to do on VM3 Biomedical. So I would like to do my reflection on what my group had done in this semester for this virtual microbe.
This task is ask us to discuss about the influenza virus. VM started with the first live video. In the first video, we had introduce our self and get to know each other. Then we start to discuss on influenza virus. The emergence of the novel influenza A(H1N1) 2009 virus in the human population has led to a global influenza pandemic. Then we divide our task for the few questions that has been prepared by dr wan. I do on the diagnostic test on the influenza virus as influenza diagnostic tests which aid in case management and outbreak. We do the Popplet on what we had discuss on discussion recording video first. For the Popplet, we finish the task smoothly. For the second progress which is on Padlet, we have to attach our journal that highlight the point for our part, then we have to discuss and summary the finding that we found from the journal.
When we understand the journal well then we able to do the literature review. My friends from UPM and I have shared our last semester’s literature review to help UPM and UM student to know how to do this task. We asked them to do paraphrase and citation based on journal that they found. At this time we had problem with UM student that late to attach their journal since their task until padlet. Some of them do not respond in the whatsapp group but we managed to finished literature review smoothly. UKM student give good cooperations in the group and they also share a lot information that I never know on this virus. Thank you to UKM and UM student for their collaboration in this assignment. Bye 6thsemester and good luck microbiology student for internship !
Tuesday, 22 November 2016
Haiiii all ! hai dr wan ! hai ukm students ! now I nearly
at the end of 5th semester .
the assignment also become more challenging . one of my assignment is virtual
microbe which we have to collaborate with other university students. Why its
name “virtual” ? it’s actually the live
video discussion between two university which are UPM and UKM . we had discuss
on the topic virus as it has been fixed by dr wan. Sooooo.. this is my
reflection on what my group and I had
done in this semester for this virtual microbe.
This task is ask us to discuss about the virus that we
choose. We all had decide to choose Rotavirus , the most common cause of diarrhoeal
disease among infants and young children. This virus are interesting to
know as they also happens in Malaysia. I felt very relieved to be able to
finish this task smoothly. UKM student give good cooperations in the group and
they also share a lot information that I never know on this virus. We changing the ideas and gain the new
knowledge to use new application and explored it uses together . I remembered
the memory we sat together to make the live video. I hope that this
relationship between this two university continue even after this task
finished.
Sorry
to dr wan and UKM students if we made mistakes in our speech, or sometimes did wrong
in providing information. Lasttlyy, thank you for your cooperation . yesss ! we
did it
Learning outcomes that I got from this whole subject is the
principles of ecology at the first chapter. Next, to describe the factors
affecting the microbial distribution, explain major types of microorganisms in
soil and their functions. Besides, to determine the soil microbes that are
associated with plants, the atmosphere and human health. To know the types of
microbes in plant biospheres growth and that promote plant health. Furthermore
to describe the environments of freshwater and marine habitats and to know the
factors affecting microbial distribution in freshwater and marine habitats, and
also in the atmosphere habitat. Another learning outcomes are that I got where
places such as stomach, intestine, oral cavity, respiratory tract and skin act as
habitat for microorganisms. Besides, to know the whole process of nitrogen
fixation and microorganisms that fix nitrogen and able sketch the process in
the diagram. We can also describe common diseases and foodborne pathogens food
where food that is familiar from our life. Lastly, to describe the waste water
treatment processes.
2. What has been learned?
What I have learned from this topic are the physical factors
and chemical factors affecting distribution of microorganisms such as are
solutes and water activity, temperature, pressure and radiation, pH and oxygen
concentration. This factor is to see the distribution or the types of microbe
in soil habitat, plant, atmosphere and also aquatic habitat. In aquatic
habitats, I learned also waste water treatment processes and microbe involve in
the waterborne diseases. In soil I know the proportion of microorganisms in the
soil where the aerobic bacteria are the most abundant in the soil compared to
other groups. Besides, soil microbes are responsible in methane release. I also
learned about bioaerosols fine articles which are suspended in the water that
the origin of organisms that can be can be controlled by ventilation,
filtration, physical isolation and biocidal agent. Lastly, the microbe in food,
where there are intrinsic and extrinsic factors affecting microbial growth in
food. I also know how the food is preserve which include canning, refrigeration
/ freezing, and chemical additives
3. Describe the experience in doing Microbes and we project.
Basically this project is good for everyone especially for
student who take the ecology microbe subject. So, by expose us as student to
this kind of project we will realize there are many things that we don’t know
about microbe at different places. On the other hand, the committee work hard
on this project. I can see most them tried hard to make sure this project will
be successfully. All group have to interview the expert, create an article from
the reading of finding journal. This is how we find the information on our
project. Our group do on the food microbe. Thus, we have interview Dr Shuhaimi
to get some information on the topics. the question that we asked are describe
about food spoilage, the main factor that contribute to food spoilage, how can
we ensure that the food product are free from pathogenic microorganism, the
advantage and disadvantage of microorganism in food. We also interview with
public which is from another faculty with two question which are -do you have
experience food poisoning, and what do you think about effectiveness of hand
washing before eating. We also do the infographic that we use for the
presentation time that include the introduction, microbe involve, factor
affecting microbial growth, beneficial effect and harmful effect. Lastly we
create a documentary video that combined all the important information in creative
and interesting video. For our group, we had recoded the video at the Serumpun
cafe and also Padang restaurant at Seri Serdang. At Padang, we had interviewed
the two people about food. The positive thing that I can see is all microbe
student can get learn from each group project during the presentation. Finally
after the project what can say is CONGRATULATIONS to all of committee because
of our work hard. We conducted the project succesfully.
Documentary Video
4.How do you relate the microbial ecology of microbiology
courses that have been discussed in the previous semester and how you can use
that knowledge in the future?
When I have finished the course, I will introduced to a working
part in my future where I should have the knowledge for bacterial laboratory
techniques, which are the concepts of classification, evolution and growth of
microorganisms. In addition, I need developed an understanding of microbial
ecology and of medical and practical uses for microorganisms, and how I relate
to basic biological concepts that I have learn from the course. In general, I understand how microorganisms
survive where they do, how they are related, and how they interact with us. In
the laboratory I should acquire basic bacteriological skills and should be able
to successfully use them. Besides, what we have learn from the microorganism in
food , the Improper food handling will cause pathogens to predominate. Thus we
know how to handle the food in good ways and also food preservations that
include canning, and chemical additives to increase the shelf life of food. Beside,
we also can use this knowledge while growing the healthy plant for farming as
we know the soil as habitat of microorganism. We also know the waterborne
diseases and how the process of waste water treatment to overcome the problems
in the future.
Last Thursday and Friday was a very
hectic yet memorable for me. An awesome event was held last two days which
involved all the staffs and students of Department of Microbiology.The Awesome Microbes Carnival is involved by all of the
microbes student from the first year until 4 year.Dr also divide the project and work by
batch. Our second year student have to handle the exhibition and activity inside
the hall .So many student comes from the primary school , secondary school and
other university. The event held for 2 days which is on thursday and friday.The exhibition that my group manage to handle is
on endoplasmic and Golgi Apparatus . we also take turn to help the activity
games that need to have microbiology knowledge to play .The player need to read
the poster to answer the question and play.
We also prepared many activity and games
booths so that the visitors can learn more about microbiology. students was very excited to play the game. It will
attract the student to know more about microbiology and science. outside the
hall also selling microbes food product along the carnival
held. they create the food in unique way such as
tapai ice cream, kimbab, cupcake and donut in microbe shape. During the event, there were also some
3D printers in the Panggung Percubaan. They printed our 3D models of microbe .There
are some microscopes placed in the Panggung Percubaan to give experiences to
all the visitors to see the microorganisms.
I learn how to handle program
with all my friends . I know how to cooperate with others when we manage this
carnival .Thank you Dr Wan for everything and have a great day ! :D It is such a great event. I hope that there are
another series of event like this in the future!
Now we proceed to the intracellular structures of prokaryote. this topic also had been taught previous semester. So i class we just briefly things that we had learned throughout the lectures.
Dr Wan has asked us to do a short presentation about this topics. The class was divided into 6 groups based on the structures. We compiled everything in a padlet.
2)facilitated diffusion (aid of
protein)-transporter-eg : glucose, fructose, amino acid
3)osmosis-difussion of water across the
plasma membrane
Isotonic-no net water movement
Hypotonic(lysis)-water move into the cell ,
cell burst
Hypertonic(plasmolysis)-water move outside
the cell, cell shrink
active process alco can be divide into two which are
-active transport(movement of molecule from
low concentration to high concentration, against concentration gradient,used of
ATP)
-group translocation-molecule chemically
modified across the membrane,energy expended
We also even had a Q&A sessions. My group did not do enough research about this topic. we did not managed to answer why group trnaslocation only occurs in prokaryotes?
i got a lot of information that cannot be read in the lecture note which is in inclusion part that have been presented by Dayana’s group.
Granule can be divide into
·
Metachromatic granule
·
polysaccharide granule
·
sulfur granules
vesicle also can be divide into
·
gas vacuole
·
carboxysome
·
magnetosome
·
lipid inclusion
dayana's group have explain more on the alppha carboxysome and beta carboxysome. Alpha carboxysome-found in cyanobacteria, type I Rubisco,genes
arrange in single operator. in comparison Beta carboxyxome-larger than alpha carboxysome, type II
Rubisco, gene arrange in multiple gene cluster.
the most importnat part in intracellular structure of procaryotes is endospore presented by Mayling's group.endospore cannot be destroyed easily, highly resistance to
heat,chemical and radiation. here is the cycle of formation of endospore that have be explained by Atikah and Mayling during the presentation.
Hi guys ! today we just continue with the subtopic two which is cell wall and membrane structure of procaryotes. What we learn from this topic also had been taught on lecture from previous semester.Briefly whats important part in this topic are: structure and function of cell wall and membrane structure like glycocalyx, flagella, axial filaments, fimbrae and pili.
Dr wan also taugh us the comparison and contrast of cell wall between Gram +ve bacteria and Gram -ve bacteria. Here is the website that will help our understanding on gram positive and gram negative bacteria differences.
but there is bacteria with Atypical cell wall such as Mycoplasma(small bacteria)
·
no wall or little wall material
·
sterol give rigidity to membrane
·
can pass through bacteria filter
besides that, another important thing is the gram + and gram - archae . i con conclude the comparison of gram + and gram - bacteria as:
Starting a new semester as second year student is quite tough with phisiology of microbe where i will learn about the metabolism involved in the microbes . the first chapter we recall the structures of the prokaryotes that we already learn in last semester.have you still remember what is prokaryotes ?
What is prokaryotes?
Prokaryotes consist of bacteria and archea that lack or nucleus, or membrane bounded
organelles,most unicellular but myxobacter have multicellular life cycle.
·Bacteria(cell wall with muramic
acid,membrane-ester-linkage,lipid bilayer,thymidine in tRNA)
·Archaea(cell wall w/o muramic
acid,membrane-ether-linkage,lipid monolayer,w/o thymidine in tRNA)
this is cell structure of procaryote
here is the function of the cell structure
1)capsule-additional cover that protect cell
when it is engulf by another organism, moisture help to adhere to surface and
nutrient
2)cell wall-protect the bacteria and give
shape
3)cytoplasm-gel like structure mainly of
water contain enzyme, salt, cell component, various organic molecule
4)plasma membrane- regulate the flow of
substance in and out of cell
5)pili, fimbriae-hair like structure on the
surface of cell, attach to another bacteria cell, help attachment
6)flagella-locomotion
7)ribosome-synthesis protein
8)plasmid-carrying gene, circular DNA
My friends and i were asked by Dr Wan to do some research about the types of proteobacteria.Proteobacteria is the largest division of bacteria. It consist of 6 main groups which are:-
1. Epsilon
2. Delta proteobacteria
3. Gamma proteobacteria
4. Beta proteobacteria
5. Alpha proteobacteria
6. Zeta proteobacteria More information about these proteobacteria can be refered by this link below :
I enjoyed learned this topic as i can remember the first semester topic as the structures of the Prokaryotes are very important in order to be easier for us to understand the further topics.
Biogeochemical cycle
is include the cycles of elements that is important in the environment which is
carbon cycle, nitrogen cycle,sulfur cycle, iron cycle and manganese cycle. This
is the carbon cycle.
The reduced form is
methane and organic matter while the oxidizes form is c02 and c0. The atmospheric
c02 is fixed by plants. In carbon cycle the final product for aerobic is
accumulation of oxidized product such as h2o while anaerobic of reduced product
such as nh4.
In nitrogen cycle
there are 3 major process which is nitrification, denitrification and nitrogen
fixatiojn. Nitrogen cycle give product of ammonia and must occur in anaerobic
condition even in aerobic microorganism.
In sulfur cycle use
sulfide as energy sources in sulfur oxidation. While sulfur reduction is
reduction of sulfate for the use in amino acid and protein biosynthesis.in
mineralization sulfhydryl groups in proteins of dead animals converted to
sulfide.
In iron cycle there
is oxidation and reduction process..
In manganese cycle , the forms of soil manganese in equilibrium
with solution manganese were studied by extracting the soil with ZnSO4 solution
followed by hydroquinone.
Firstly what I have
learned from this topic is the definition of ecology. Ecology is the study of
organisms and their interaction with the environment. Habitat is place of
organism live while ecological niches is place where an organism perform best/
there are five level of hierarchy.
We need to know the
abiotic factors which is :
-temperature
-water
-sunlight
-wind
-rock and soil
-periodic
disturbance
Homeostasis is the
dynamic balance of process material and organism in the ecosystem and biosphere.
Here we have the
food web that include the procedure such as green plant and algae, consumer
such as omnivore animal, decomposer such as bacteria and fungi.
The roles of
microbes in ecosystem is oxygen produced by the trees in the rainforest and
blue green algae in the ocean . and it will remove weaker species through
infections.. lastly we have learn approaches to effective ecosystem management
which is skateholders,adaptive management, natural resources management,
strategic management, landscape level onservation and command and control management.
Today we learn on topic microbial groups. Biochemical control
agent is use other living organism to control or to kill other organism. There
are five methods of microbial reproduction which is binary fission, budding, fragmentation,
formation of spore and sexual reproduction. We know that The requirements for
development of microbial community is physical growth requirement and chemical
growth requirement.
Physical growth requirement involve:
1)light
Required/kill by light
2)temperature
a.Mesophile(25-40 degree cesius)
b.Psychrophiles(grow at 0 degree bt optimal at 15
degree Celsius)
c.Psychrotrophs (optimal at 20-30 degree celsius)
d.Thermophiles (opt at 15 degree Celsius)
3)Ph
Acidophiles-extreme low pH
Alkaliphiles-prefer alkaline condition
4)water acidity and osmotic pressure
Water necessary for growth. Bacteria required high water
activity habitat in contrast fungi need lower water activity habitat.
Chemical growth requirement involve:
a)Water
Important in dissolve nutrients and
cellular functions
b)Carbon
Importance in buiding block and as main
sources of energy
c)Oxygen
Aerobes:need 02
d)Nitrogen,phosphorus and sulfur
For biosynthesis of protein
e)Special growth factor
Specifically needed for growth of certain
m/os
f)Trace element
Importance for enzyme function and as
cofactor
There are 2 major nutritional which is source of energy and
sources of carbon. In development of microbial communities there are 3 process
which is selection strategies, succession and biofilms.in selection strategies
we have r strategies and k strategies. R strategies have high rate of
reproduction so that it will die very fast and have short general time. In contrast
k strategies produce slowly that make it more stable and bigger in size. Besides
that, there are 3 types of succession which is preemptive
colonization,autogenic succession and allogenic succession. Climate community
achieve when succession ends but this is rarely achieve. In biofilm, bacteria of
same species that stick to surface will colonize and pull another
microorganism.
Virus contain contain single type of nucleic acid ,either
DNA or RNA. Characteristic of virus can be divide into host range, nucleic
acid,capsid and envelope, tail and type of diseases.
1)host range
Host range is determined by attachment site on the host and
availability in the potential host the factors for viral replication . location of attachment site is in the cell
wall,fimbrie, and plasma membrane of animal cells. The host range of the virus
will depend upon the presence of the receptors. If a host lacks the receptor
for a virus, or if the host cell lacks some component necessary for the
replication of a virus, the host will inherently be resistant to that virus.
2)nucleic acid
It have either DNA or RNA, circular or linear and can appear
ingly or in several segments.
3)capsid and envelope
the capsid is surrounded by lipid bilayer that contains
viral proteins that enable the virus to bind to the host cells. virus envelope
is derived from the host cell membranes. The capsid and envelope play many
roles in viral infection, including virus attachment to cells, entry into
cells, release of the capsid contents into the cells, and packaging of newly
formed viral particles. The capsid and envelope are also responsible for
transfer of the viral genetic material from one cell to another.
General morphology of virus is helical viruses,polyhedral
viruses, enveloped viruses and complex viruses.
4) tail and type of disease
Virus is with tail or without tail that is use for
attachment.
Algae can be referred to as plant-like organisms that are
usually photosynthetic, but do not have true roots, stems, leaves, vascular
tissue and have simple reproductive structures. They are distributed at
planktonic, benthic and neustonic and in moist situations on land.The algae
have chlorophyll and can manufacture their own food through the process of
photosynthesis. Algae nutrition is autotrophic or heterotrophic. Algae reproduction
is by asexual which is fragmentation, spores and binary fission and also sexual
reproduction. In sexual reproduction we have isogamy and heterogamy. Isogamy no structural distinction between male
and female gamete. In contrast, heterogamy2 different type of gamate are
produce which is male gamete and female gamete.
Characteristic of algae from different division:
1)chlorophyta
Most chlorophytes are aquatic, but some green algae can live
on the surface of snow, on tree trunks, in soils, or symbiotically with
protozoans, hydras or lichen-forming fungi.Green
algae have chlorophylls a and b and store starch as a food reserve inside their
plastids. Their cell wall made up of cellulose. They have sexual and asexual
reproduction. Example: chlamidomonas
2)charophyta
They found in fresh to brackish water.Their green color
comes from chlorphylls a and b.
3)euglenophyta
They have chlorophyll a and b .storage product is paramylon.
Reproduction occurs by longitudinal cell division. Most live in freshwater. The
most characteristic genus is Euglena, common
in ponds and pools, especially when the water has been polluted by runoff from
fields or lawns on which fertilizers have been used.
4)chrysophyta
large group of eukariotyes algae commonly called golden algae, found mostly in
freshwater.
Chrysophytes contain chlorophylls a and c, which are masked by the accessory
pigment fucoxanthin, a carotenoid. Example:diatoms
5)phaeophyta
Like the chrysophytes brown algae derive their color from
the presence, in the cell chloroplasts, of several brownish carotenoid
pigments, as fucoxathin. With only a few exceptions, brown algae are marine,
growing in the colder oceans of the world.
6)rhodophyta
phylum of the kingdom protista consisting of the
photosynthetic organisms commonly known as red algae. The red pigment=phycoerythrin , blue
pigment=phycocyanin.
7)pyrrhophyta
They are unicellular found in marine and freshwater. They have
chlorophyll a and c, carotenoids and xantophylls. Mostly they have 2 flagella
which is longitudinal flagellum and transverse flagellum.
the toxic algal produce neurotoxin and it is also use for biofuel production.
PROTOZOA
Protozoa are
a diverse group of mostly motileunicellulareukaryotic organisms. protozoa were
defined as unicellular protists with animal-like behaviour, such as movement..
the unique features of protozoa is actoplasm,endoplasm,pellicle,nucleus and
vavuoles. Protozoa are chemohterotroph which is holozoid nutrition and
saprozoic nutrtion. For locomotion they have pseudopodia , flagella and cilia. For
production there are asexual and sexual. In asexual there is binary fission
while for sexual is conjugation. Binary fission result in two identical cells
while conjugation is conjugation of 2 ciliates. Protozoa are classified into
sarcomastigophora, labyrinthomorphora,apicomplexa,microspore,ascetospora,myxozoa
and ciliophora. Sarcomastigophora are flagellates and amoebae and also have
single type of nucleus.
Apicomplexa are sporozoan with lack of locomotion
organells.
The last one is ciliophora are the largest phylum that use cilia as
locomotory organelle.
Fungi can be
single celled or very complex multicellular organisms. General characteristic
of fungus is eukaryotic, spore-bearing organism, no chlorophyll, reproduce
sexually and asexually and absorbtive nutrition.They are found in just about
any habitat but most live on the land, mainly in soil or on plant material
rather than in sea or fresh water. A group called the decomposers grow in the
soil or on dead plant matter where they play an important role in the cycling
of carbon and other elements. This is the structure of fungus
Reproduction
of fungi is sexual and asexual.
Asexual reproduction
1. Bud formation in yeasts
In its
simplest form asexual reproduction is by budding or binary fission. Enzymatic
activity and turgor pressure the act to weaken and extrude the cell wall. New
cell wall material is incorporated during this phase.
2. Fragmentation
Any mycelium
that is fragmented or disrupted, provided that the fragment contains the
equivalent of the peripheral growth zone, can grow into a new colony.
3. Sporulation
It is
responsible for the production of large numbers of spores throughout the year.
These asexual spores are formed on a phase of the fungal life cycle termed in
some texts as the mitosporic, or anamorphic phase.
Sexual reproduction
To achieve
sexual reproduction it is necessary to have two mating type haploid nuclei (n +
n), or a diploid (2n) nucleus.
Zygomycota
Common representatives: black
bread molds
Hyphae are haploid
Reproduction relies mainly on
asexual spore production
Ascomycota (sac fungi)
Common representatives: yeasts,
morels, and truffles
Hyphae are haploid and
dikaryoid
Asexual reproduction relies on
asexual spore production
Basidiomycota (sac fungi)
Common representatives:
mushrooms and shelf fungi
Hyphae are haploid and dikaryoid
Asexual reproduction relies on
asexual spore production
Deuteromycota (fungi imperfecti)
Members include Trichophyton (Athlete's
foot), Penicillium (Penicillin), and Candida
albicans
There are three types of slime molds:
Oomycota
Myxomycota
Acrasiomycota
A very small
number of fungi cause diseases in animals. In humans these include skin
diseases such as athletes’ foot, ringworm and thrush. And benefit of fungi is
as agents of biodegradation, industrial fermentation process and important for
agriculture, horticulture and forestry.
This week we learn on archaea .Archaeans can be found
in the most extreme environments on the planet which in cold environment, hot
environment, high salinity and anaerobic environment. They live near rift vents in the deep sea at
temperatures well over 100 degrees Centigrade. Others live in hot spring, or in
extremely alkaline or acid waters. They have been found inside the digestive
tracts of cows, termites, and marine life where they produce methane. They live
in the anoxic muds of marshes and at the bottom of the ocean.
There are three main types of archaea:
the crenarchaeota, which are characterized by their ability to tolerate
extremes in temperature and acidity. The euryarchaeota, which include methane-producers
and salt-lovers and lastly is
theaumarcheota. The unique features of archea is cell wall, membrane lipids ,
metabolism and genetics. Cell wall of bacteria contain s-layer that different
from bacteria s-layer. Archaea membrane has their own features that
differentiate it from bacteria that is more complex and less impermeable.
Among these three main types of archaea are some subtypes,
which include:
Methanogens— archaeans that produce methane gas as a
waste product of their "digestion," or process of making energy.
Halophiles— those archaeans that live in salty
environments.
Thermophiles— the archaeans that live at extremely
hot temperatures.
Psychrophiles— those that live at unusually cold
temperatures.
that is what i can conclude from the notes of archaea . second class we have answer the group quiz on the procaryotic and archea
Today story… we divide into group to do a mind map on topic
introduction to microbial systematic . our group doing on the outline of that
topic . so for the outline we divide the work based on class which is archaea ,becteria
,virus ,fungi, protozoa and algae . we started with the group presentation on
bacteria . we need to know the
differences between these group . next day , we learn on bacteria . we always
culture the bacteria in the lab and all bacteria that we use lab is the bacteria
that we can study. Archaea can change shape based on environment condition same
goes to gram positive bacteria that doesn’t have cell wall and can change
shape. The traits used to classify the bacteria is cell type , morphology,
metabolism, reproduction, phage typing, nucleic acid profile and antibiotic
resistance profile . we discuss on differences between the endospore and free
spore . endospore form by the bacteria
while free spore are outside the cell . reproductive traits influence
either light or oxygen. The bacteria E.coli
, Salmonella , shigella can be observe difeerently because E.coli shown green sheen colour. Phatogen
nonphototropic bacteria such as campylobacter and helicobacter,spirochetes and
chlamydias . and nonphatogen is like pseudomonas,azobacter and rhizobium. For phototrophic we have oxygenic and nonoxygenic.
What means by immunology actually ? I concluded that immunology
focuses on the human body's built-in defense system. In a healthy person, the
immune system helps the body fight infection by rejecting foreign viruses and
bacteria. The key primary lymphoid organs of the immune system are thymus
and bone marrow, and secondary lymphatic tissues such as spleen, tonsils,
lymph vessels, lymph nodes, adenoids, and skin. There are 3 lines of body
defense system :
b)internal barrier-phagocytic cell, inflammation and fever
c)specific immune response-humoral response and humoral
immune
therefore, we can differentiate between the non-specific annd specific immune response. their characteristic shown the differences between the non specific and non specific
immune response which is non-specific immune response is natural immune system ,
without memory and non specific. While specific immune response is
specificity,inducibility,memory,distinguish self and non-self. There are two
type of non-specific immune response :
Internal innate immunity-2 line defense-physiological
barrier,phagocytosis,inflammation
External innate immunity-1 line defense-skin, mucos membrane
and normal microbiota
we need to know that an antigen need to have this features:
-high molecular weight
-complexity
-soluble
-foreigness
this is differences between the antigen and antibody
Humoral (Antibody-Mediated) Immunity
-Found in body fluids.
-Antibodies are made by plasma cells (activated B
lymphocytes) in response to specific antigen.
Cell-Mediated Immunity
-T cells have antigen receptors but don’t make antibodies –
lyse target cells directly.
-Cell-mediated reactions primarily respond against
intracellular viruses, multicellular parasites, transplanted tissue and cancer
cells.
after the lecture we all conclude all the mechanism of different types of immunity in this whiteboard
this mind map is very helpful in order to understand in systematic ways in immunology .After learn on this topic i know that Immune system keep us safe from infection and diseases. It
helps us keep ourselves healthy. Any disease
that causing bacteria that enters our body is prevented from causing any damage
to the body as the immune system deals with it. We know that every single breath that we inhale, every drop of water we
drink or the every bite of food we eat, all contains germs and we are
vulnerable to attack by germs.
For the second semester we already cover on topic microbial taxonomy and introduction to immunology . for topic microbial taxonomy we learn: 1)name microorganisms according to international rules and regulation 2)illustrate the methods to classify, identify and name the microorganism CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM Phenetic-Numerical taxonomy ,Dendogram Phylogenetic-16S rRNA, Phylogenetic tree Genotypic-other molecular methods Phenetic classification is based on the mutual similarity of phenotypic characterstics. The are two methods in this classification which is simple matching coefficient and Jaccard coefficient. Phylogenetic is compare organism on the basis of evolutionary. From this classification I will know how to determine phylogenetic classification. For genotypic , I know that if we come from same species that related we have strong similarity. TECHNIQUES/METHODS FOR CLASSIFICATION/IDENTIFICATION Classical · Morphological (staining, external structure, cell inclusion, cell grouping) · Physiological and metabolic · Biochemical · Ecological · Immunologic test · Phage typing · Antibiotic profiling Molecular · Amino acid sequencing · Nucleic acid base composition (%GC by HPLC and Tm) · Nucleic acid hybridization · Nucleic acid sequencing · Genomic fingerprint (MLSA, RFLP, ribotyping) · Nucleic acid probe · Plasmid fingerprinting In nucleic acid base composition %GC , I know the steps to get the GC content by spectrophotometrically. I think this technique not very accurate because of same GC content but the arrangement differ are not relate . Nucleic acid hybridization also we need to remember the steps involve. This technique is strictly control to avoid self hybridize. In bacteriophage typing , we need to remember the procedure to produce the plaque on agar plate. Antibiotic susceptibility test is use to determine the pattern of resistance and susceptibility to antibiotics by determination of MIC and MLC. By using this method , we can see the contract between the clear zone that show it susceptible to antibiotics where the bacteria cannot grow and resistance the bacterial growth. From this lesson I know that it is not easy to give
the bacterial names which we need to follow the rules and techniques in giving
the name of bacterial. So I really appreciate and impress with the people that
found every new bacterial for further studies. And there is a lot of technique
and method for classification and identification of bacterial that we need to
well planned the test to get the good identification .
